Larry S. Barbee
This is a brief review of the Jack the Ripper murders that occurred in London
more than a hundred years ago. Much of the original evidence gathered at the
time has been lost, and many "facts" are actually opinions by the various
writers who have written about the case during the past century. Many aspects
of the case are therefore contested, and so what follows is a summation of the
case in general. There are many books available to the student of crime who
wishes to grapple with the many mysteries associated with the case.
"Jack the Ripper" is the popular name given to a serial killer who killed a
number of prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. The name originates
from a letter written by someone who claimed to be the killer published at the
time of the murders. The killings took place within a mile area and involved
the districts of Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Aldgate, and the City of London
proper. He was also called the Whitechapel Murderer and "Leather Apron."
Significance and Importance
Jack the Ripper has remained popular for a lot of reasons. He was not the
first serial killer, but he was probably the first to appear in a large
metropolis at a time when the general populace had become literate and the
press was a force for social change. The Ripper also appeared when there
were tremendous political turmoil and both the liberals and social reformers,
as well as the Irish Home rule partisans tried to use the crimes for their
own ends. Every day the activities of the Ripper were chronicled in the
newspapers as were the results of the inquiries and the actions taken by the
police. Even the feelings of the people living in the East End, and the
editorials that attacked the various establishments of Society appeared each
day for both the people of London and the whole world to read. It was the
press coverage that made this series of murders a "new thing", something that
the world had never known before. The press was also partly responsible for
creating many myths surrounding the Ripper and ended up turning a sad killer
of women into a "bogey man", who has now become one of the most romantic
figures in history. The rest of the responsibility lies with the Ripper. He
may have been a sexual serial killer of a type all too common in the 1990s,
but he was also bent on terrifying a city and making the whole world take
notice of him by leaving his horribly mutilated victims in plain sight.
Lastly, the Ripper was never caught and it is the mysteries surrounding this
killer that both add to the romance of the story and creating an intellectual
puzzle that people still want to solve.
The Victims
It is unclear just how many women the Ripper killed. It is generally accepted
that he killed five, though some have written that he murdered only four while
others say seven or more. The public, press, and even many junior police
officers believed that the Ripper was responsible for nine slayings. The five
that are generally accepted as the work of the Ripper are:
- Mary Ann (Polly) Nichols, murdered Friday, August 31, 1888.
- Annie Chapman, murdered Saturday, September 8, 1888.
- Elizabeth Stride, murdered Sunday, September 30, 1888.
- Catharine Eddowes, also murdered that same date.
- Mary Jane (Marie Jeanette) Kelly, murdered Friday, November 9, 1888.
Besides these five there are good reasons to believe that the first victim
was really Martha Tabram who was murdered Tuesday, August 7, 1888, and there
are important considerations for questioning whether Stride was a Ripper
victim. As to the actual number of women that the Ripper killed, Philip
Sugden wrote in his excellent book, The Complete History of Jack the Ripper,
"There is no simple answer. In a sentence: at least four, probably six, just
possibly eight."
All five of these listed plus Tabram were prostitutes and were killed between
early August and early November 1888. All but Tabram and Kelly were killed
outdoors and there is no evidence to suggest that any of them knew each other.
They varied in both age and appearance. Most were drunk or thought to be
drunk at the time they were killed.
Method of Operation
Surprisingly, a full understanding of the Ripper's modus operandi was not
established until several years ago. The Whitechapel murderer and his victim
stood facing each other. When she lifted her skirts, the victim's hands were
occupied and was then defenseless. The Ripper seized the women by their
throats and strangled them until they were unconscious if not dead. The
autopsies constantly revealed clear indications that the victims had been
strangled. In the past some writers believed that the Ripper struck from
behind when the victims were bent forward, their skirts hiked up their
backsides while waiting to engage in anal sex. This is a very awkward
arrangement and the risk that they may scream or elude his clutch's make this
unacceptable. The Ripper then lowered his victims to the ground, their heads
to his left. This has been proven by the position of the bodies in relation
to walls and fences that show that there was virtually no room for the
murderer to attack the body from the left side. No bruising on the back of
the heads shows that he lowered the bodies to the ground rather than throwing
or letting them fall. Given the inclement weather and filth in the streets
it is unacceptable that the prostitutes or their client would have attempted
intercourse on the ground. He cut the throats when the women were on the
ground. Splatter stains show that the blood pooled beside or under the neck
and head of the victim rather than the front which is where the blood would
flow if they had been standing up. In one case blood was found on the fence
some 14 inches or so from the ground and opposite the neck wound and this
shows that the blood spurted from the body while in the prone position on
the ground. This method also prevented the killer from being unduly blood
stained. By reaching over from the victim's right side to cut the left side
of her throat, the blood flow would have been directed away from him, which
would have reduced the amount of blood in which he would have been exposed.
If the victim was already dead before their throats were cut, then the blood
spilt would have not been very much. With the heart no longer beating the
blood would not have been "pressurized," so only the blood in the immediate
area of the wound would have evacuated gently from the cuts. The Ripper then
made his other mutilations, still from the victim's right side, or possibly
while straddling over the body at or near the feet. In several cases the
legs had been pushed up which would have shortened the distance between the
abdomen and the feet. No sign of intercourse was ever detected nor did the
Ripper masturbate over the bodies. Usually he took a piece of the victim's
viscera. The taking of a "trophy" is a common practice by modern sexual
serial killers. In the opinion of most of the surgeons who examined the
bodies, most believed that the killer had to have some degree of anatomical
knowledge to do what he did. In one case he removed a kidney from the front
rather than from the side, and did not damage any of the surrounding organs
while doing so. In another case he removed the sexual organs with one clean
stroke of the knife. Given the time circumstances of the crimes (outside,
often in near total darkness, keeping one eye out for the approach of others,
and under extremely tight time constraints), the Ripper almost certainly
would have had some experience in using his knife.
The Ripper Letters
It is commonly accepted by the experts on the case that none of the letters
purported to have been written by the Ripper were in fact written by him. A
letter dated September 25 and received on the twenty-seventh by the Central
News agency was the first to be signed "Jack the Ripper". A postcard post
marked October 1 followed. Because it referred to a "double event" the police
thought it might be from the killer since it was posted the day after the
Ripper killed two women. The post card also referred to the letter and must
have come from the same source as the letter had not been released to the
public yet. If the post card had been sent on September 30, the day of the
"double event", instead of October 1, the likelihood that it was really
written by the murderer would be significantly greater. The Whitechapel
Murderer may have written the letter/post card but there is no evidence to
suppose that he did and the police seem convinced that they were the work of
a journalist. A recently discovered document states that a journalist from
the Central News agency, Tom Bulling, was the writer.
One other letter may have been written by the killer. In mid-October a small
parcel was sent to George Lusk, who was head of a vigilance committee in
Whitechapel. Inside was half a human kidney and a letter from someone
claiming to be the killer, and that it was part of the kidney he removed from
the victim Eddowes. It is impossible to know for sure if the Ripper really
did send it. Most of the arguments in favor of it being from Jack have been
based on inaccurate information and the myths rather than the facts
surrounding the case. However, Eddowes did suffer from Bright's disease and
the description of the kidney does match what a Bright's disease kidney
would look like.
Evidence
In a time before forensic science and even finger printing, the only way to
prove someone committed a murder was to catch either him or her in the act,
or get the suspect to confess. The Whitechapel Murders unhappily fall into
this period of time. One interesting feature of this case is that not one,
but two police forces carried out investigations. The Metropolitan Police,
known as Scotland Yard, was responsible for crimes committed in all the
boroughs of London except the City of London proper. The single square mile
in the heart of London known as the City of London had their own police force.
When Eddowes was killed, it was in their territory and this brought them into
the Ripper case. It is believed that the rank and file of the two forces got
along and worked well together, but there is evidence that the seniors in
each force did not. To what degree, if any, their failure to cooperate fully
had on solving the case is not known. Most sources do not fault either police
force for failing to solve the Jack the Ripper mystery, rightly pointing out
that catching serial killers is still a hard task even by today's science and
technology. Other than autopsies and taking statements from everybody who
might know something there was little else that the Metropolitan police force
did. The attitude of the people at the time was that the police were
incompetent and that the Commissioner, Sir Charles Warren, was only good for
policing crowds and keeping order rather than detective work. He was
especially criticized for not offering a reward in the hope that a confederate
or accomplice would come forth and inform against the Ripper. In fact, Warren
had no objections for a reward being offered and it was his superior, Henry
Matthews, the Home Secretary who refused the sanction of a reward. The City
of London Police seems to have done a better job although they did not
apprehend the killer either. City police officers made crime scene drawings,
took many photographs of the victim Eddowes, and even though she was not in
their jurisdiction, they took photographs of the Kelly victim. She is the
only victim who was photographed at the crime scene. One of the splits
between the leadership of the two forces was over graffito found in Goulston
Street on the night of the "double event". A piece of Eddowes' apron, which
the Ripper used to wipe off his knife, was found by a constable near a doorway
that had a chalked message over the door. This message, "The Juwes are the
men That Will not be blamed for nothing", may have been written by the Ripper
and the City police officers wanted to photograph it. Warren felt that
leaving it until it was light enough to be photographed might cause riots
against the Jews living in Whitechapel whom the bigoted English residents
already believed were responsible for the murders. Warren did not even
compromise by willing to erase or cover up the word "Juwes" only. In the end
the police never charged any suspect with the murders committed by the Ripper
which shows they did not have a sufficient amount of evidence that would gain
a verdict of guilty in criminal court.
Suspects
In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, then Chief Constable, wrote a confidential
report in which he names the three top suspects. Although some information
concerning the suspect he believed most likely to have been the murderer had
been available before the turn of the century, the name of that suspect was
not made public until 1959. Macnaghten's suspect was M.J. Druitt, a barrister
turned teacher who committed suicide in December 1888. Unfortunately for
Macnaghten who wrote his memoranda from memory, the details he ascribes to
Druitt are wrong. According to the Chief Constable, Druitt was a doctor, 41
years of age, and committed suicide immediately after the Kelly murder. In
actuality Druitt was 31, not a doctor, and killed himself nearly a month after
the last official murder. No other police officer supported Macnaghten's
allegations, and one in fact, stated that the theory was inadequate and that
the suicide was circumstantial evidence at best that the drowned doctor was
the Ripper. While it is still possible that he was the Ripper, correct
information gathered about Druitt so far makes him seem an unlikely candidate.
In 1903, Frederick Abberline, a retired crack detective who had been in charge
of the Ripper investigation at the ground level stated that he thought that
multiple wife poisoner Severin Klosowski, alias George Chapman, might be Jack
the Ripper. As with Macnaghten, no other officer has concurred with his
opinion and modern criminal profiling science tends to reject Klosowski as a
serious candidate.
The name of Macnaghten's second suspect was confirmed as Aaron Kosminiski in
the early 1980s when a researcher came upon Donald Swanson's personal copy of
Robert Anderson's book of memoirs. Both Swanson and Anderson were officers
who participated in the Ripper investigation; indeed, they were the ones given
the responsibility of being in charge of the case. Anderson had written in
his memoirs that appeared for the first time in 1910 that the police knew who
the Ripper was. According to Anderson the Ripper was a Polish Jew who was put
away in an insane asylum after the crimes, and then died soon after. Swanson
had made some notes in his copy of the book concerning Anderson's suspect, and
wrote that the suspect's name was Kosminski. At first it seemed that the case
had been solved, but research has found a number of problems with the theory.
No other officer supports' Anderson's allegation, and Swanson's notes seem to
question his superior's claims rather than support them. Aaron Kosminski was
a real person and was placed in an insane asylum. His records show him to be
a docile and harmless lunatic that heard voices in his head and would only eat
food from the gutter. The dates of his incarceration are wrong, and he did
not die soon after his committal but lived on until 1919. Some researchers
have tried to explain the problems by saying that the name Kosminski' was
confused with another insane Polish Jew, who really was dangerous.
The search continues. The third Macnaghten suspect, Michael Ostrog, has been
investigated and there is nothing to indicate that he was nothing more than a
demented con man.
Dr. Francis Tumblety, the latest serious suspect, only became known to
students of the Jack the Ripper murders in 1993. A collector of crime
memorabilia obtained a cache of letters belonging to a crime journalist named
G.R. Sims. Among the letters was one from John Littlechild, who had been in
charge of the Secret Department in Scotland Yard at the time of the murders.
Dated 1913, Littlechild writes to Sims: "I never heard of a Dr. D. (which many
assume is a reference to Druitt as Macnaghten thought Druitt was a doctor and
Sims was a confident of the Chief Constable), in connection with the
Whitechapel Murders but amongst the suspects, and to my mind a very likely
one, was a Dr. T . . . He was an American quack named Tumblety . . . " A
book by the collector who found the letter goes to great lengths in trying to
prove that Tumblety is the final solution for the mystery. Unfortunately, he
fails to do so. There is no doubt that Tumblety was a legitimate suspect and
that when he fled to America, Scotland Yard detectives came over to
investigate him further. It is unlikely that Scotland Yard continued to view
him as a serious suspect. James Monro, who succeeded Warren and was in
overall command of the Secret department before becoming Commissioner, thought
that the Alice McKenzie murder of July 1889 was the work of the Ripper. He
stated in 1890 that he did not know who the Whitechapel murderer was but that
he was working on his own theory.
Ripper Research
At the time of the murders and for the next few years, a lot was written about
the murders including some tabloid type books. Most of it is worthless and
only helped to set up many myths that have clouded serious attempts to figure
out what really happened that autumn in London. Other than memoirs of
officers who worked on the case, which is valuable, little else was written
until after the first world war. In 1929 the first full length book in
English about the Ripper, The Mystery of Jack the Ripper by Leonard Matters,
was published. Once more there was growing interest in the murders again in
that the Ripper was appearing in both nonfiction works and fictional formats
such as Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger. Cult-like interest, the interest that
has really never left, began in the 1950s. Dan Farson did a television show
about the Ripper and uncovered a version of the McNaghten memoranda. The
first really good books began to be published in the 1960s, such as Tom
Cullen's Autumn of Terror and Robin Odell's Jack the Ripper in Fact and
Fiction. Interest in Jack the Ripper exploded in 1970 when a new theory was
published in which the grandson of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert Victor, Duke
of Clarence and Avondale, was accused of being the Ripper. Just like his
nemesis in fiction, Sherlock Holmes, the 1970s saw Jack being either paired
with someone famous or identified as being someone famous. It was a decade
that also featured some entertaining but patently absurd conspiracy theories
explaining who the Ripper really was. Plots involving Freemasons, court
physicians, and sinister figures from occult organizations, have been paraded
before the public as the final solution. In the midst of the madness some
good came out. Donald Rumbelow's The Complete Jack the Ripper was published,
and police files still existing from the investigations were made available
to all and sundry. The 1980s saw a tide of books published to cash in on the
centennial of the Murders in Whitechapel, and lost evidence was returned
anonymously to the police and Swanson's notes on Anderson's suspect were
found. The FBI's Behavioral Science Unit did a criminal profile of the Ripper
and aspects of the murders were discussed in various professional journals.
During the 1990s, two new books have appeared that are musts for people who
are interested in the Ripper murders. The Jack the Ripper A to Z by Paul
Begg, Martin Fido, and Keith Skinner is indispensable for doing research and
Sugden's The Complete History of Jack the Ripper has replaced Rumbelow's
worthy tome as the authoritative source for information. An interesting phony
diary supposedly written by the Ripper was published and the authentic letter
revealing the suspect Dr. Francis Tumblety has also been released to the
public.
The Future
In the past ten years more evidence has been recovered, new information
garnered through the young criminal sciences, and serious research conducted
on the mystery of Jack the Ripper than at any other time since the case was
officially closed in 1892. After more than a hundred years the case is still
fascinating, and results are still being gotten through research. Nick
Warren, a student of the crimes and a practicing surgeon, studied the second
Kelly crime scene photograph that was recently recovered, and was able to
establish that a hatchet was used by the Ripper to split one of his victim's
legs! The likelihood of the case ever being solved is open to debate. If
the police solved it but for some reason kept the Ripper's identity a secret,
then I think that the odds are good that the answer will be rediscovered.
Unfortunately, I and I think most serious students on the subject, do not
think that the police did solve the case. Individual officers had strong
opinions on who Jack the Ripper was, but not the Forces as a whole. This
makes the challenge much more difficult as today's researchers must find new
evidence rather than unearth that which has been lost. The evidence lost is
considerable. Virtually all of the City of London Police files were lost in
the Blitz during the last world war. What remains of the Metropolitan Police
files are available to the public but the files are sparse. Some have claimed
that the files were purposefully destroyed to keep the Murderer's identity a
secret. The truth is more pedestrian and unromantic. Almost from the
beginning items were removed for souvenirs. Often in those olden days when
they ran out of room, the clerks would go to the end of the shelve and simply
dump out the old files by the armful. When Abberline was interviewed in 1903,
the journalist noted that the retired Scotland yard Inspector was surrounded
by official files. Once, upon the death of a retired officer, a trunk full
of files concerning his old cases was found in his possession. Modern day
"Ripperologists" were not above souvenir hunting themselves. A number of
documents were taken in the late 1970s/early 1980s and as a result the
remaining material was put on microfilm. It seems perfectly possible that
Jack the Ripper's identity may one day be discovered; it may be one of the
serious suspects mentioned in this report, or one that the police dismissed
too cavalierly all those years ago, or it may be someone completely unknown
at this time. The future may or may not reveal the Ripper's name.
